Cerebral Palsy

What is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain, usually before birth or shortly after. It affects muscle tone, posture, and movement. Symptoms vary widely—from mild clumsiness to significant physical challenges—and may involve one or multiple limbs.

What Causes Cerebral Palsy?

CP is typically the result of a brain injury or abnormal development before, during, or shortly after birth. Common causes include lack of oxygen during delivery, infections during pregnancy, premature birth, or genetic conditions. In many cases, however, the exact cause remains unknown.

What to Look For (Physical Examination)

Early signs may include delayed developmental milestones (like sitting or walking), muscle stiffness or floppiness, poor coordination, or abnormal movements. In some children, one side of the body is more affected than the other. Muscle contractures and joint deformities may develop over time, especially in the legs.

How is Cerebral Palsy Treated?

There is no cure for CP, but early intervention helps improve function and quality of life. Treatment is tailored to each child’s needs and may include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotic support (braces or splints), medications for muscle tightness (like Botox), and in some cases, surgery to improve mobility and prevent contractures.

Possible Complications

Without appropriate management, CP can lead to joint deformities, hip dislocation, scoliosis, and pain. Ongoing monitoring is key to preventing complications and supporting the child’s development.

Tests and Investigations

Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on developmental history and physical examination. MRI of the brain is often done to assess underlying structural issues. Additional tests may include hip X-rays to monitor for dislocation, and assessments by a multidisciplinary team (physio, OT, speech).

What to Expect
(Outcomes)

Many children with CP lead full, active lives with the right support and treatment. The earlier the intervention, the better the outcomes for mobility, independence, and participation in daily activities. Long-term care often involves collaboration between medical professionals, therapists, and family.

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